摘要
1887年田纳西提出“社区参与”理念以来，受该理念的影响，各国政府在旅游景区规制中逐渐由经济价值转向公益价值。同时，利益相关者理论也得到进一步发展，将“社区”、“多中心”等主体纳入利益相关者的范畴。学者们逐渐将所有权与经营权从旅游景区权利束中分离出来。随之，政府对旅游景区的环境规制方式也逐渐多元化，如社区参与、多中心管理、特许经营等。以美国为例，美国在国家公园体制中实行了全面的特许经营制度，实现了经营主体与管理主体的分离，避免了过分重视经济价值、忽视资源保护的思想，有利于筹集管理资金、提高服务效能。但其成功发展离不开各种环境规制理念的指导。
关键词： 旅游景点；社区参与；多中心；特许经营
Abstract
Since Tennessee proposed the concept of "community participation" in 1887, the governments of various countries have gradually transitioned from economic value to public welfare value in the regulation of tourism scenic spots under the influence of this concept. At the same time, stakeholder theory has also been further developed, such as "community", "polycentric" and other subjects are included in the scope of stakeholders. Scholars have gradually separated ownership and management rights from the bundle of rights of tourist attractions. Subsequently, governmental environmental regulation of tourist attractions has gradually diversified, such as community participation, polycentric management, and concessions. Take the United States as an example, the U.S. has implemented a comprehensive concession system in the national park system, realizing the separation between the main business and management subjects, avoiding the ideology of excessive attention to economic value and neglecting resource protection, and this system is beneficial to raising management funds and improving service effectiveness. However, its successful development cannot be achieved without the guidance of various environmental regulation concepts.
Key words： Tourist attractions; Community participation; Polycentric; Franchising
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